Cloud Network

Q :- What is the difference between VPN and MPLS?
Ans :- VPN is generally Virtual Private Network which could be configured by using GRE tunnels. In that if you want a full mesh than administrator need to setup n*n-1 tunnels. But in case of MPLS VPN, by default CPE works in full mesh form because of route target.

Q :- What is MPLS and why it is being so popular in short time?
Ans :- MPLS is multi protocol label switching mechanism which uses the label to forward the traffic to the next hop address. It is popular because it must be used for CPN (Converge Packet Network).

Q :- What is the protocol used by MPLS?
Ans :- MPLS uses TDP or LDP.

Q :- MPLS works on which layer?
Ans :- It works between layer 2 and layer 3.

Q :- What is the difference between P and PE router ?
Ans :-P router doesn’t have Customer network routes where in PE router is having customer network routes. Another reason is P router doesn’t require MP-iBGP but for PE it is must.

Q :- Can I make my PE router as P?
Ans :- To make your PE router as P, you need to remove the BGP configurations and after that it will not participate with customer network.

Q :- Two routers are having 4 equal cost links, how many ldp sessions will be established?
Ans :- One session

Q :- My LDP router id, OSPF router id and BGP router id is different, will it work to forward the traffic of customers or not?
Ans :- LDP router id and BGP router-id should be same if SP is using labels only for loopbacks. If labels are generated for each and every route then no problem at all.

Q :- What is Penultimate Hop Popping and why it is required? Which router performs the PHP function?
Ans :- Second last router performs the Penultimate Hop Popping function to remove the top most label.

Q :- What are the different types of labels?
Ans :- Implicit Null, Explicit Null, Aggregate Label etc.,

Q :- How to make customer route unique?
Ans :- By adding route distinguisher



Q :- What is the difference between RD and RT?
Ans :- RD is not an extended community where as RT is an extended community.

Q :- Can I assign a same RD to two different customers?
Ans :- RD is unique and local to router.

Q :- Is RD travels in route update?
Ans :- No

Q :- My customer is having three branches and all are attached to three different PEs, In this case can I use the different vrf names?
Ans :- Yes

Q :-. What is downstream on demand?
Ans :- Downstream router is the one which is responsible to advertise the label first to upstream router in case of downstream on demand method is selected.
Upstream router is the one which advertise the labels to its downstream router after receiving label bindings from it.

Q :- How to filter MPLS labels?
Ans :- By using ACLs

Q :-. What is the default range of MPLS labels in Cisco routers? How to extend that range?
Ans :- 16 – 100000 is default range

Q :- Without route reflector can I implement MPLS?
Ans :- Yes, need to develop full mesh BGP

Q :- What is the difference between VPNv4 and IPv4 address family?
Ans :- we always accept and forward ip packets to customers, for this we need to use ipv4 address-family. When the customers packets are being received by PE they become labeled one and to forward labeled packets to different PE/RR;

address-family vpnv4 is required. In short we can say that ipv4 address-family is being used for customers and vpnv4 address-family is used by SP core.

Q :- What is MP-iBGP? Can we use normal BGP in lieu of MP-iBGP?
Ans :- No, MP-iBGP is used because of the support of multi protocol which normal BGP doesn’t support

Q :- What is CEF and without enabling CEF, can we make MPLS work?
Ans :- CEF is mandatory in Cisco routers for MPLS.

Q :- I am receiving end to end customer routes on various PE but not able to ping those routes, what’s could be the problem?
Ans :- LDP is not configured in the path.

Q :- Does LDP require OSPF, IS-IS or BGP?
Ans :- IGP is required for IP Reachability

Q :- In neighbor discovery command, I am receiving only xmit, what does it mean?
Ans :- At another end MPLS IP is not configured.

Q :- What is transport address?
Ans :- Route id is transport address

Q :- Explain what is SYSVOL?
Ans :- The SysVOL folder keeps the server’s copy of the domain’s public files.  The contents such as users, group policy, etc. of the sysvol folders are replicated to all domain controllers in the domain.

Q :- Mention what system state data contains?
Ans :- System state data contains
    Contains startup files
    Registry
    Com + Registration Database
    Memory page file
    System files
    AD information
    SYSVOL Folder
    Cluster service information