Q :- I would like to know what is the main difference (new features) between Oracle OEM 11g and 12c ?Ans :- Cloud control is the next version of Enterprise Manager, and has the same features and capabilities as Grid Control, plus new things (like cloud management).
Q :- Discover Assets ... what kind of assets ?
Ans :- An 'asset' is an IT component. Either a Hardware device (like a computer, network device, etc...), or a Software component (like an Oracle database, an EBiz suite, PeopleSoft suite, etc...)
Q :- Is Oracle VM Manager in OEM 12c ?
Ans :- EM 12c can manage Oracle VMs directly as it is integrated now with OVM Manager.
Q :- With agent installed/configured, is it possible to make the inventory of all the software installed in a given host (as it is the case for many asset mgt tools)
Ans :- With the install/configuration of an Agent, the discovery will go over all the Oracle software installed (the inventory of the Universal Installer), and present that as 'assets' in EM. So each ORACLE_HOME will be an asset in Cloud Control, with potentially software components running out of that home.
Q :- Can Enterprise manager 12c be tailored for managing existing infrastructure ?
Ans :- Enterprise manager Cloud Control (12c) has the same monitoring and administration features as Grid Control (10g and 11g). So an existing deployment can be upgraded to Cloud Control and continue the monitor and administration of those assets.
Q :- The 11g Grid control had 6 Oracle Exadata plug-ins. I understand that the 12c Cloud has all the system monitoring plug-ins as a required default now?
Ans :- There is a single 'plugin' for Exadata in 12c that encapsulates all the individual plugins that were needed for 11g. For more information, see this My Oracle Support Note: 1110675.1: Database Machine Monitoring Best Practices
Q :- I understand that EM still not able to make the inventory (and not monitor) of the installed software for a given host ?
Ans :- Oracle software is managed by default. Each ORACLE_HOME is discovered as a standalone entity - 3rd party software installed on the machine is part of the Configuration information.
This information includes the list of all installed software, as well as any OS patches or updates installed on the machine.
Q :- Do you have product for micro-enterprise, or medium, who plan is be an group ?
Ans :- Cloud Control can be used to monitor a small number of machines, all the way up to a large enterprise (even in multiple locations) Depending on the amount of monitoring work that needs to be done, Cloud Control can be scaled-up to handle that load .
Q :- Can LDAP be integrated using 12c. Are there any documents from Oracle regarding the same ?
Ans :- Yes - You can integrate LDAP/SSO with EM.
Q :- Is there an upgrade path from 11g ?
Ans :- Yes - There is an path to upgrade your existing 10gR5 or 11gR1 to Cloud Control
Q :- What Operating Systems is Enterprise Manager certified on?
Ans :-
Currently, Cloud control is available for Linux, Solaris and AIX. Additional platforms (like windows) will be announced later on this year.
Q :- Are there partners who can help implement Oracle Enterprise Manager?
Ans :- Yes - There are partners who can help with the implementation of Cloud Control
Q :- Does Oracle have best practices for implementing Enterprise Manager that it can share?
Ans :- Yes - There is a lot of information on OTN (Oracle Technet)
Q :- Is Enterprise Manager applicable for non-cloud environments as well?
Ans :- Enterprise Manager is a management and administration tool for your IT ecosystem. It has the capabilities to monitor all kinds of IT assets in your environment, for both cloud and non-cloud bases.
Q :- What happened to Grid Control?
Ans :- Cloud Control is the next version of Grid Control. It has all the new features, including cloud management .
Q :- Do we need to use virtualization to use Cloud Control?
Ans :- Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud control can work with both Physical machines and Virtual machines. You do not need to use Virtualization in order to take advantage of the cloud features, although some features were designed with Virtualization in mind.
Q :- What are the components of physical database structure of Oracle database?
Ans :- Oracle database is comprised of three types of files. One or more datafiles, two are more redo log files, and one or more control files.
Q :- What are the components of logical database structure of Oracle database ?
Ans :- There are tablespaces and database’s schema objects.
Q :- What is a tablespace ?
Ans :- A database is divided into Logical Storage Unit called tablespaces. A tablespace is used to grouped related logical structures together.
Q :- What is SYSTEM tablespace and when is it created ?
Ans :- Every Oracle database contains a tablespace named SYSTEM, which is automatically created when the database is created. The SYSTEM tablespace always contains the data dictionary tables for the entire database.
Q :- Explain the relationship among database, tablespace and datafile ?
Ans :- Each databases logically divided into one or more tablespaces one or more data files are explicitly created for each tablespace.
Q :- What is schema ?
Ans :- schema is collection of database objects of a user.
Q :- What are Schema Objects?
Ans :- Schema objects are the logical structures that directly refer to the database’s data. Schema objects include tables, views, sequences, synonyms, indexes, clusters, database triggers, procedures, functions packages and database links.
Q :- Can objects of the same schema reside in different tablespaces?
Ans :- Yes.
Q :- Can a tablespace hold objects from different schemes?
Ans :- Yes.
Q :- What is Oracle table?
Ans :- Table is the basic unit of data storage in an Oracle database. The tables of a database hold all of the user accessible data. Table data is stored in rows and columns.
Q :- What is an Oracle view?
Ans :- A view is a virtual table. Every view has a query attached to it. (The query is a SELECT statement that identifies the columns and rows of the table(s) the view uses.)
Q :- Do a view contain data?
Ans :- Views do not contain or store data.
Q :- Can a view based on another view?
Ans :- Yes.
Q :- What is an Oracle sequence?
Ans :- A sequence generates a serial list of unique numbers for numerical columns of a database’s tables.
Q :- What are the major changes in architecture for 12c ?
Ans :- From 12c Onwards, the instance is shared with multiple databases. In short a single sga and background process will be shared to multiple databases, the databases can be created on fly and drop or attach and detach from one server to another server.
Q :- What are the common concepts of multi tenant database ?
Ans :- Multi Tenant database consists of
CDB is a container database which is similar like standalone database. Called CDB$ROOT. PDB$SEED is a template database to create a databases within the CDB databases PDB<n> are individual or application databases
Data dictionary between this databases are shared via internal links called object link and data link Users between CDB and PDB are different, there will be common users (starts with C##) and local users When the CDB starts up, the PDB will be in mount state, you must open them exclusively
Q :- How to convert a normal database to Container enabled database ?
Ans :-
1) Upgrade and set compatible = 12.0.0
2) OPen the database in readonly mode
3) Execute the dbms_pdb package describe procedure
BEGIN DBMS_PDB.DESCRIBE( pdb_descr_file => ‘/disk1/oracle/ncdb.xml’); END; /
4) Shutdown the non-cdb database
5) If in same server your CDB database contains
CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE ncdb USING ‘/disk1/oracle/ncdb.xml’ COPY FILE_NAME_CONVERT = (‘/disk1/oracle/dbs/’, ‘/disk2/oracle/ncdb/’);
6) Execute the script
@$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/noncdb_to_pdb.sql
7) Open the read write mode new PDB
Q :- How to create a new PDB database ?
Ans :- Copying
SQL> CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE salespdb ADMIN USER salesadm IDENTIFIED BY password
STORAGE (MAXSIZE 2G MAX_SHARED_TEMP_SIZE 100M) DEFAULT TABLESPACE sales DATAFILE ‘/disk1/oracle/dbs/salespdb/sales01.dbf’ SIZE 250M AUTOEXTEND ON
PATH_PREFIX = ‘/disk1/oracle/dbs/salespdb/’
FILE_NAME_CONVERT = (‘/disk1/oracle/dbs/pdbseed/’, ‘/disk1/oracle/dbs/salespdb/’);
Cloning
CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb2 FROM pdb1;
Plugging in
Create an xml file
create pluggable database pdb_plug_nocopy using ‘/u01/app/oracle/oradata/pdb1.xml’
NOCOPY
TEMPFILE REUSE;
alter pluggable database pdb_plug_nocopy open;
Q :- How to distinguish you are in CDB or PDB ?
Ans :- Once you logged in you can check show con_name or con_id will show you which db you are in.
Q :- How to connect to PDB from a CDB ?
Ans :- In a container enabled databases , once the pdb is created , a service will be automatically created on same name for example pdb
1. Either using TNS Entries SQLPLUS sys/****@pdb as sysdba
2. Log into cdb and then alter session set container=pdb
3. EZconnect method sqlplus
Q :- How about the datafiles system, sysaux , undo, redo etc , does they create when you create PDB ?
Ans :- Datafiles are individual to each database for cdb and each pdb
Indofiles and redo files are only one across container
Tempfiles can be created in each database or share one across all databases
SGA is shared across all databases
Background process are shared across all databases , no additional background process defined
Q :- As you said, if SGA and background process are shared, is there any performance impact ?
Ans :- Ideally this architecture is used for database consolidation projects which and where small databases are shared in a single database host and not that high critical applications running. This leverages the reduction in licensing cost and also resource utilization effectively.
Q :- How does the data dictionary works to manage multiple database, for example if I used PDB1 to select a query from emp ?
Ans :-
There is nothing obvious here, Oracle just filters the data with con_id, which is a container_id for each database in the instance and produce the results , rest of the process is same. To understand this check any view or dba_view you will find the con_id column which states that what database that row belongs to. This is something like VPD where the rows will be masked and present to the database users where they have privileges,similarly the rows will be shown only what database you have logged in.
Q :- How about creating a user ?
Ans :- Well, this is something you have to be careful
Normally you will use create user username identified by password, however this is not work anymore.
When you want to create a common user across all databases for example, backupadmin, you must use C## as prefix
Create user c##username identified by password; will create common user across all databases
Create user c##username identified by password container=current; will create common user only at current container
create user username identified by password container=all; does not work since the username does not contain c## prefix
Q :- How does the data visibility in container databases works? Suppose when I logs as common user and want to verify the PDB information ?
Ans :- For example, dba_users, just filter with con_id,
select username from dba_users where con_id=3
Note: CDB is 0, PDB$SEED is 1 etc.
How about AWR data, does it common across all databases or individual to database?
Q :- Well that is why you have individual sysaux tablespace for each database ?
Ans :- whenever the AWR statistics collected the statistics will be pushed respective databases not the common sysaux. Since this will give you the ability to have self contained database where if you plug this database to another instance, the statistics will not lost.
Q :- So then, how to take a backup in Multi Tenant database? Shall i Take backup in rman does it take backup of all databases?
Ans :- Yes, if you use backup database this will take all databases backup,
To take the backup of only one particular db, use backup pluggable database
Note: Archivelog backups will not be taken using pluggable database backup.
Q :- Tell about rman enhancements?
Ans :- RMAN Enhancements,
Now you can select with rman,
Table recovery made easy with RMAN,
Image copies can now split into sections,
Recover database using network from standby directly
Duplicate database now made easy
Rollforward standby using network service only no need of incrementalbackups
Q :- Data Pump Enhancements ?
Ans :- EXPDP – Here
IMPDP – Here
Q :- Describe about Major Performance Enhancements?
Ans :- Optimizer will not use dynamic plan changes while executing called Adaptive Query Optimization. If any object missing the statistics or found stale during execution of plan, dynamic statistics (aka sampling) will be collected with new level 11. Optimizer now stores the execution information in sysaux tablespace about the individual object execution statistics and create directives called sql plan directives which can be used later execution to further optimize the statement
Clustering factor can be set according to the index skewness, not leaving to oracle CTAS now collect the statistics
Global Temporary tables have private session statistics no more it uses the one statistics for all, very useful for different batches run at same time
DBMS_STATS now can show in report mode to tell how much does it take.
Q :- List some Partition enhancements ?
Ans :- Truncate with cascade
You can move partitions online now
New package to maintain the partitions
Manage multiple partitions at one time
You can partially index
Q :- Indexing Enhancements ?
Ans :- Multiple indexes on same column, in fact invisible the other, bitmap and btree is possible on same column
Key Limit alleviation
Q :- What are 12c ASM Enhancements ?
Ans :- FlexARM,- simple you do not need 4 asm instances for 4 nodes, 3 is enough as like scan
ASM metadata is now copied to multiple allocation units in the disk header
Replace disk command
Now you can create 511 disk groups no more 64 limit
Now you can estimate the rebalance/resync operations
12c stores password files in ASM
Check logical corruptions using disk scrubbing
Failuregroup_repair_time for whole group in contrast to diskgroup_repair_time
OCR backup now goes to asm disk group
Q :- Grid Infrastructure enhancements ?
Ans :- Flex Cluster – HUB and Leaf spoke technology, just to ensure to couple the application layer and database layer closely
IPV6 Support – You can have ipv6 format and ipv4 format network attachments to cluster Convert normal cluster to flex cluster & crsctl commands in eval mode.
Q :- RAC enhancements
Ans :- Application continuity – Transaction Guard – New API to protect the transactions state and reapply them in case service failure
New failover_type = transaction when using application continuity
Global data services
srvctl evaluation mode
Q :- What are the advantages of views ?
Ans :-
Provide an additional level of table security, by restricting access to a predetermined set of rows and columns of a table.
Hide data complexity.
Simplify commands for the user.
Present the data in a different perspective from that of the base table and Store complex queries.
Q :- What is a synonym?
Ans :- A synonym is an alias for a table, view, sequence or program unit.
Q :- What are the types of synonyms?
Ans :- There are two types of synonyms private and public.
Q :- What is a private synonym?
Ans :- Only its owner can access a private synonym.
Q :- What is a public synonym?
Ans :- Any database user can access a public synonym.
Q :- What are synonyms used for?
Ans :- Mask the real name and owner of an object.
Provide public access to an object
Provide location transparency for tables, views or program units of a remote database.
Simplify the SQL statements for database users
Q :- What is an Oracle index ?
Ans :- An index is an optional structure associated with a table to have direct access to rows, which can be created to increase the performance of data retrieval. Index can be created on one or more columns of a table.
Q :- How are the index updates?
Ans :- Indexes are automatically maintained and used by Oracle. Changes to table data are automatically incorporated into all relevant indexes.
Q :- What are clusters?
Ans :- Clusters are groups of one or more tables physically stores together to share common columns and are often used together.
Q :- What is cluster key?
Ans :- The related columns of the tables in a cluster are called the cluster key.
Q :- What is index cluster ?
Ans :- Cluster with an index on the cluster key.
26. What is hash cluster?
Ans :- A row is stored in a hash cluster based on the result of applying a hash function to the row’s cluster key value. All rows with the same hash key value are stored together on disk.
27. When can hash cluster used?
Ans :- Hash clusters are better choice when a table is often queried with equality queries. For such queries the specified cluster key value is hashed. The resulting hash key value points directly to the area on disk that stores the specified rows.
Q :- What is database link ?
Ans :- Database link is a named object that describes a “path” from one database to another.
Q :- What are the types of database links ?
Ans :- Private database link, public database link & network database link.
Q :- What is private database link?
Ans :- Private database link is created on behalf of a specific user. A private database link can be used only when the owner of the link specifies a global object name in a SQL statement or in the definition of the owner’s views or procedures.
Q :- What is public database link ?
Ans :- Public database link is created for the special user group PUBLIC. A public database link can be used when any user in the associated database specifies a global object name in a SQL statement or object definition.
Q :- What is network database link?
Ans :- Network database link is created and managed by a network domain service. A network database link can be used when any user of any database in the network specifies a global object name in a SQL statement or object definition.
Q :- What is data block?
Ans :- Oracle database’s data is stored in data blocks. One data block corresponds to a specific number of bytes of physical database space on disk.
Q :- How to define data block size?
Ans :- Data block size is specified for each Oracle database when the database is created. A database users and allocated free database space in Oracle data blocks. Block size is specified in init.ora file and cannot be changed latter.
Q :- What is row chaining?
Ans :- In circumstances, all of the data for a row in a table may not be able to fit in the same data block. When this occurs, the data for the row is stored in a chain of data block (one or more) reserved for that segment.
Q :- What is an extent?
Ans :- An extent is a specific number of contiguous data blocks, obtained in a single allocation and used to store a specific type of information.
Q :- What is a segment?
Ans :- A segment is a set of extents allocated for a certain logical structure.
Q :- What are the different types of segments?
Ans :- Data segment, index segment, rollback segment and temporary segment.
Q :- What is a data segment?
Ans :- Each non-clustered table has a data segment. All of the table’s data is stored in the extents of its data segment. Each cluster has a data segment. The data of every table in the cluster is stored in the cluster’s data segment.
Q :- What is an index segment?
Ans :- Each index has an index segment that stores all of its data.
Q :- What is rollback segment?
Ans :- Database contains one or more rollback segments to temporarily store “undo” information.
Q :- What are the uses of rollback segment?
Ans :- To generate read-consistent database information during database recovery and to roll back uncommitted transactions by the users.
Q :- What is a temporary segment?
Ans :- Temporary segments are created by Oracle when a SQL statement needs a temporary work area to complete execution. When the statement finishes execution, the temporary segment extents are released to the system for future.
Q :- What is a datafile?
Ans :- Every Oracle database has one or more physical data files. A database’s data files contain all the database data. The data of logical database structures such as tables and indexes is physically stored in the data files allocated for a database.
Q :- What are the characteristics of data files?
Ans :- Data file can be associated with only one database. Once created a data file can’t change size. One or more data files form a logical unit of database storage called a tablespace.
Q :- What is a redo log?
Ans :- The set of redo log files for a database is collectively known as the database redo log.
Q :- What is control files?
Ans :- Control files contain a list of all the database files and the Redo log files and the current log sequence number
Control Files has Name & location of database files & Redo log file.
Current log sequence number. and
DB creation time and checkpoint
Q :- What are the benefits of ORDBMS?
Ans :- The objects as such can be stored in the database.
The language of the DBMS can be integrated with an object- oriented programming language.
The language may even be exactly the same as that used in the application, which does not force the programmer to have two representations of his objects.
Q :- What are different Oracle database objects?
Ans :-
TABLES
VIEWS
INDEXES
SYNONYMS
SEQUENCES
TABLESPACES
Q :- What is an Oracle index?
Ans :- An index is an optional structure associated with a table to have direct access to rows, which can be created to increase the performance of data retrieval. Index can be created on one or more columns of a table.
Q :- What are the different types of storage systems available and which one is used by Oracle?
Ans :-
Two types of storage systems are available
Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) and Hierarchical Storage Management System (HSM).
Most databases use RDBMS model, Oracle also uses RDBMS model.
Hierarchical Storage Management System (HSM)
Information Management System (IMS) from IBM.
Integrated Database Management System (IDMS) from CA.
Q :- Explain some examples of join methods
Ans :-
Join methods are of mainly 3 types
Merge Join – Sorting both the tables using join key and then merge the rows which are sorted.
Nested loop join – It gets a result set after applying filter conditions based on the outer table.
Then it joins the inner table with the respective result set.
Hash join - It uses hash algorithm first on smaller table and then on the other table to produce joined columns.
After that matching rows are returned.
Q :- What are the components of logical data model and list some differences between logical and physical data model ?
Ans :- Components of logical data model are
Entity – Entity refers to an object that we use to store information. It has its own table.
Attribute – It represents the information of the entity that we are interested in. It is stored as a column of the table and has specific data type associated with it.
Record – It refers to a collection of all the properties associated with an entity for one specific condition, represented as row in a table.
Domain – It is the set of all the possible values for a particular attribute.
Relation – Represents a relation between two entities.
Difference between Logical and Physical data model
Logical data model represents database in terms of logical objects, such as entities and relationships.
Physical data model represents database in terms of physical objects, such as tables and constraints.
Q :- What is normalization? What are the different forms of normalization?
Ans :-
Normalization is a process of organizing the fields and tables of a relational database to minimize redundancy and dependency.
It saves storage space and ensures consistency of our data.
There are six different normal forms
First Normal Form – If all underlying domains contain atomic values only.
Second Normal Form – If it is in first normal form and every non key attribute is fully functionally dependent on primary key.
Third Normal Form - If it is in 2nd normal form and every non key attribute is non transitively dependent on the primary key.
Boyce Codd Normal Form - A relation R is in BCNF if and only every determinant is a candidate key.
Fourth Normal Form
Fifth Normal Form
Q :- Differentiate between a database and Instance and explain relation between them ?
Ans :-
Database is a collection of three important files which include data files, control files and redo log files which physically exist on a disk.
Whereas instance is a combination of oracle background process (SMON, PMON, DBWR, LGWR) and memory structure (SGA, PGA).
Oracle background processes running on a computer share same memory area.
An instance can mount and open only a single database, ever and
A database may be mounted and opened by one or more instances (using RAC).
Q :- What are the components of SGA?
Ans :-
SGA is used to store shared information across all database users.
It mainly includes Library cache, Data Dictionary cache, Database Buffer Cache, Redo log Buffer cache, Shared Pool.
Library cache – It is used to store Oracle statements.
Data Dictionary Cache – It contains the definition of Database objects and privileges granted to users.
Database buffer cache – It holds copies of data blocks which are frequently accessed, so that they can be retrieved faster for any future requests and
Redo log buffer cache – It records all changes made to the data files.
Q :- What is the difference between NULL and IS NOT NULL operators?
Ans :- The IS NULL and IS NOT NULL operators are used to find the NULL and not NULL values respectively.
The IS NULL operator returns TRUE, when the value is NULL; and FALSE, when the value is not NULL.
The IS NOT NULL operator returns TRUE, when the value is not NULL; and FALSE, when the value is NULL.
Q :- What is reports server ?
Ans :- Reports server is also a component of the middle tier and is hosted in the same node of the concurrent processing server. Reports server is used to produce business intelligence reports.
Q :- What are the types of database users ?
Ans :-
Oracle is a multi user database management system and has predominantly two types of users :
DBA (Database Administrator)
Normal User
1. Application programmers or Ordinary users
2. End users
3. Database Administrator (DBA)
4. System Analyst
Q :- What are the types of character data types ?
Ans :-
There are seven character datatypes that can be used for defining columns in a table:
CHAR
VARCHAR2
CLOB
LONG
NCHAR
NVARCHAR2
NCLOB
Q :- What is cloning ?
Ans :- Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of the Oracle application system or Duplicate copy of the target database or Cloning is the copy of oracle database.
Q :- What is Oracle HTTP server ?
Ans :- Oracle HTTP server is the Web server which is used by Oracle Applications. It processes all the requests received from the clients. The Web server includes a couple of additional components like Web listener, Jserv (Java Servlet Engine) and Java Server Pages.
Q :- What is the difference between like and between operator ?
Ans :- Like operator is used for pattern matching searches. Between operator is used for checking the range of values.
Q :- What is Log files ?
Ans :- Log files are also referred to as the Redo log files or Online log files. These files contain all the changes made to the data over a period of time. There will be at least two redo log files. These files are used to rebuild the database in case of a crash.
Q :- What is the difference between database management system and database application?
Ans :- Database Management System is the program that organizes and maintains the information. Database Application is the program that is used to view, retrieve and update information stored in the database.
Q :- What is the use of views ?
Ans :- It can be used to hide sensitive columns.
It can be used to hide complex queries involving multiple tables.
Views created with a check option, prevents the updating of other rows and columns.
Views provide an additional level of table security by restricting to a predetermined set of rows and /or columns of a table.
Views simplify commands for the user because they allow them to select information from multiple tables without actually knowing how to perform a join.
Q :- What is recursion ?
Ans :- Recursion means call to the same subprogram within the subprogram. or Recursion means recalling a programing by itself.
Q :- How many types of cloning are available ?
Ans :- There are two types of cloning methods available for Oracle Applications. One is adclone and the other is rapid clone.
Q :- What is rapid clone ?
Ans :- Rapid Clone is the new cloning utility which is used for autoconfig enabled environments. Rapid Clone leverages the new installation and configuration technology utilized by Rapid install.
Q :- What are the components of Oracle Applications technology layer?
Ans :-
Oracle Applications technology layer comprises the following products :
Oracle Application DBA (AD)
Oracle Application Object Library (FND)
Oracle Common Modules (AK)
Oracle Application Utilities (AU)
Oracle Alert (ALR)
Oracle Workflow (WF)
Oracle Applications Framework (FWK)
Oracle XML Publisher (XML)
Q :- What is load balancing ?
Ans :- Load balancing is a server process that monitors loading on all of the forms servers. Each of the forms servers runs a load balancing client which keeps the load balancing server apprised of its load.
Q :- What is merge statement ?
Ans :- The Merge statement is used to update a record in the table by using a new record based on a condition.
Q :- How to merge rows into a table ?
Ans :- The Merge statement is used to both update and insert rows in a table. The Merge statement has a join specification that describes how to determine if an update or insert should be executed.
Q :- What is synonym?
Ans :- A synonym is a database object, which is used as an alias (alternative names) for a table, view or sequence.
They are used to simplify SQL statements
Hide the name and owner of an object
Provide location transparency for remote objects of a distributed database
Provide public access to an object
Synonym can either be private or public or Synonyms is a alias for database.
Q :- What is Data files?
Ans :- Data files contains all the User's data and Oracle’s data dictionary. A data file can be associated with only one database. Database files can have certain characteristics set to allow them to automatically extend when the database runs out of space.
Q :- What are the tools for oracle ?
Ans :- SQL*plus
PL/SQL
Forms
Reports or Enterprise Manager.
Q :- What is DDL?
Ans :- The Data Definition Language is used to create, remove and alter the structure of database objects. The DDL is used for table definition and can be classified into four categories :
Create table command
Alter table command
Truncate table command
Drop table command
Q :- What is DML?
Ans :- Data Manipulation Commands are used to query and manipulate existing database objects.Following are some DML commands :
Insert
Select
Update
Delete
Q :- What is DCL?
Ans :- Data Control Language is used to control the kind of a data access to the database and Transaction Control. The owner can allow other database users access to the database objects as per his/her direction :
Grant
Revoke are used for data access control
Commit
Rollback and Save point are transaction control commands
Q :- What are the types of oracle file structure?
Ans :-
Oracle file has two representations are :
Logical file structure and
The Physical file structure
Q :- What is the difference between formal and actual parameter?
Ans :- The parameters, which are used in implementation or definition of subprograms, are called formal parameters.
The parameters, which are used in call of the subprograms, are called actual parameters.
That's it
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