Q :- What does the acronym OSI stand for ?
Ans :- Open System Interconnection. The OSI reference model is used as a guide for teaching and understanding the way networks operate.
Q :- What are the layers of the OSI model?
Ans :- Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, DataLink, Physical. An easy way to remember the order of the layers is:
A-ll P-eople S-eem T-o N-eed D-ata P-rocessing .
Q :- At which layer of the OSI model is a path decision made based upon an IP address ?
Ans :- Network. At the network layer, data is transported in the form of a packet.
Q :- Which of the following takes place at the presentation layer ?
Ans :- Encryption. The presentation layer encrypts data to be sent across the network, and decrypts it so that it can be accessed by the application layer on the receiving end.
Q :- Which is NOT a function of the Application layer ?
Ans :- Windowing. Quality of Service and user authentication are also handled by the application layer.
Q :- Which layer of the OSI model contains the LLC sublayer and the MAC sublayer ?
Ans :- Data Link Layer. The LLC and MAC sublayers allow for different layer 2 protocols to be used, such as
- Ethernet,
- Token Ring
-and FDDI.
Q :- How can data be transported in different layers ?
Ans :- Data is transported in bits at the Physical layer . A bit is simply a binary digit. Either a 0 or a 1 . Data is transported in segments at the Data Link layer . At the data link layer, user data is encapsulated in a frame.
Q :- What is the function of Network Layer ?
Ans :- The network layer establishes the route between the sender and receiver across switching points, which are typically routers. The most ubiquitous example of this layer is the IP protocol in TCP/IP. IPX, SNA and AppleTalk are other examples of routable protocols,
which means that they include a network address and a station address in their addressing system. This layer is also the switching function of the dial-up telephone system. If all stations are contained within a single network segment, then the routing capability in this layer is not required.
Q :- The link for a switch connection is isolated from other data traffic except for what type of messages?
Ans :- Following are the types of messages-
i. Multicast Messages – Message are sent to a specific group of hosts on the network.
ii. Broadcast Messages – Message is sent to all devices connected to the LAN.
Q :- Why are the layers of the OSI model important to the network administrator?
Ans :- The Layers of OSI Model are important for the network administrator in the following manner-
i. To troubleshoot network problems by verifying functionality of each layer.
ii. In many cases it requires the network administrator to isolate at what layer the network problem occurs.
Q :- What is “Segment”?
Ans :- “Segment” is a PDU (Protocol Data Unit) of Transport layer of OSI model.
Q :- What is the PDU of “Network layer” and “Data link layer”.
Ans :- PDU for Network Layer is: “Packet” and PDU for Data Link Layer is :”Frame”
Q :- You have one IP: 192.168.10.29. In which layere this IP works?
Ans :- Network layer.
Q :- You are in home. But you need to access the office server router. How can you do that?
Ans :- By using “Telnet”
Q :- DNS uses which protocol? Why?
Ans :- DNS uses both TCP or UDP or both. UDP can handle only 512bytes. If data size is withing 512 bytes UDP is used, otherwise, TCP is used.
Q :- Differentiate between forward lookup and reverse lookup in DNS?
Ans :- Forward lookup is: name-to-address,
Reverse lookup is: address-to-name.
Q :- what are the difference between TCP and UDP?
Ans :- TCP: Connection oriented protocol, acknowledged one, Point to point communication.
UDP: Connection less protocol, unreliable, less traffic
Q :- What is IPSec?
Ans :- IPSec is “Internet Protocol Security”. It is a suite of protocols for securing Internet Protocol(IP) communications.
Q :- What is the way to establish a TCP connection?
Ans :- By using acknowledgement.
Q :- What is the difference between flow control and error control?
Ans :- Flow control: adjust and confirm data flow rate for successful transmission.
Error Control: a way to recover corrupted data .
Q :- Mark one of the most important difference between TCP and UDP?
Ans :- TCP is a connection-oriented and UDP is a connection-less protocol
Q :- Mention one real place to use TCP/IP?
Ans :- LAN cards
Q :- What is the responsibilities of Network Layer?
Ans :- Logical addressing
Best effort delivery
Q :- Data link layer is sub-divide into how many groups?
Ans :- 2 sub-divided groups: MAC Layer and LLC layer
MAC: Media Access Control/Medium Access Control
LLC: Logical Link Control
Q :- What is the port number of Telnet and DNS?
Ans :- Telnet = 23 and DNS = 53
Q :- What is the port number of ftp(data) and ftp?
Ans :- ftp(data) = 20 and ftp=21
Q :- ARP resolves what? Address or IP?
Ans :- ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol. It helps to find the hardware address or MAC address when IP address is known.
Q :- Which layer of OSI is responsible for end-to-end communication?
Ans :- Transport layer.
Q :- Why we have to use router?
Ans :- To communicate several networks, routers are used. Routers have both broadcast domain and collision domain.
Q :- RARP resolves what? Address or IP?
Ans :- RARP stands for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol. It helps to find the IP address when physical or hardware or MAC address is known.
Q :- What is OSI model?
Ans :- OSI model is a reference model containing 7 layers such as physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer and application layer.
Q :- What is TCP/IP model?
Ans :- TCP/IP model is an implementation of OSI reference model. It has five layers. They are: Network layer, Internet layer, Transport layer and Application layer.
Q :- What is the full form of OSI and TCP/IP model?
Ans :- OSI stands for = Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
TCP/IP stands for = Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol
Q :- What are the differences between OSI and TCP/IP model?
Ans :- Important differences are:
OSI is a reference model and TCP/IP is an implementation of OSI model.
OSI has 7 layers whereas TCP/IP has only 4 layers The upper 3 layers of the OSI model is combined on the TCP/IP model.
OSI has: physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer and application layer TCP/IP has : Network layer, Internet layer, transport layer and application layer.
Q :- What are the differences among router, switch, bridge and hub?
Ans :- All of them are devices and are used in network. Their differences are:
Router: Layer 3 device, can work on physical, data and network layer.
Switch: Layer 2 device, can work on data link layer
Bridge: Layer 2 device, can work on data link layer.
Hub: Layer 1device, just a multi-port repeater and works on physical layer
Q :- Switch operates on which layer of OSI model?
Ans :- Normal switch operates at Layer 2 i.e. data link layer and Intelligent switch operates at Layer 3 i.e. network layer.
Q :- What is the upper layer name of OSI layer?
Ans :- Application layer.
Q :- Name 4 example of application layer?
Ans :- DNS, FTP, Telnet, http
Q :- What is the function of the OSI Session Layer?
Ans :- This layer provides the protocols and means for two devices on the network to communicate with each other by holding a session. This includes setting up the session, managing information exchange during the session, and tear-down process upon termination of the session.
Q :- What is OSI and what role does it play in computer networks?
Ans :- OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) serves as a reference model for data communication. It is made up of 7 layers, with each layer defining a particular aspect on how network devices connect and communicate with one another. One layer may deal with the physical media used, while another layer dictates how data is actually transmitted across the network.
That's it
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